Modern particle physics research is focused on subatomic particles, including atomic constituents such as electrons, protons, and neutrons (protons and neutrons are composite particles called baryons, made of quarks), produced by radioactive and scattering processes, such as photons, neutrinos, and muons, as well as a wide range of exotic particles. Dynamics of particles is also governed by quantum mechanics; they exhibit wave–particle duality, displaying particle-like behaviour under certain experimental conditions and wave-like behaviour in others. In more technical terms, they are described by quantum state vectors in a Hilbert space, which is also treated in quantum field theory. Following the convention of particle physicists, the term elementary particle is applied to those particles that are, according to current understanding, presumed to be indivisible and not composed of other particles. Nuclear physics is the field of physics that studies the constituents and interactions of atomic nuclei. The most commonly known applications of nuclear physics are nuclear power generation and nuclear weapons technology, but the research has provided application in many fields, including those in nuclear medicine and magnetic resonance imaging, ion implantation in materials engineering, and radiocarbon dating in geology and archaeology.

We are educated some further things about the cosmos beyond the solar system by sighting cosmic rays, which are mostly prepared of either atomic nuclei minus their orbiting electrons, or one of their basic components, protons. But these positively charged particles don’t point to their place of origin due to the magnetic fields of our galaxy which affect their flight paths like a magnet affects iron filings. The total number of elementary particles in the cosmos, and these neutral weakly interacting particles arisen to us almost without any trouble straight from their sources, traveling at very close to the speed of light. A with low energy of neutrino in flight would not notice a barrier of lead 50 light years thick. When we are able to see out in neutrino light we will undoubtedly get a amazing new view of the universe.

The Higgs boson is an elementary particle in the Standard Model of particle physics. It is the quantum excitation of the Higgs field

Observational astronomy is one of the classifications of the astronomical science that is related with recording data, in contrast with Theoretical astrophysics, which is mainly concerned with finding out the measurable implications of physical models. It is the practice of observing celestial objects by using telescopes and other astronomical apparatus. Radio astronomy is the branch of Astronomy which studies celestial bodies at Radio Frequencies. Infrared astronomy is the division of astronomy and astrophysics that studies astronomical objects visible in infrared (IR) radiation only. Optical Astronomy is also called as Visible Light Astronomy. Ultraviolet astronomy is the observation of electromagnetic radiation at ultraviolet wavelengths similarly X-ray Astronomy uses X-rays and Gamma ray Astronomy uses Gamma rays

Sky surveys and mappings of the various wavelength bands of electromagnetic radiation have yielded much information on the content and character of the universe's structure. The organization of structure appears to follow as a hierarchical model with organization up to the scale of super clusters and filaments.

Particle physics is the study of nature of the particles that institute matter and radiation. It deals with very small objects. Particle physics deals with the fundamental constituents of matter and their interactions. In the past several decades a huge amount of experimental information has been gathered, and many patterns and methodical features have been observed.

Physics of the early Universe is at the boundary of astronomy and philosophy since we do not currently have a complete theory that unifies all the fundamental forces of Nature at the moment of Creation. In addition, there is no possibility of linking observation or experimentation of early Universe physics to our theories (i.e. it’s not possible to `build' another Universe). Our theories are rejected or accepted based on simplicity and aesthetic grounds, plus there power of prediction to later times, rather than an appeal to empirical results. This is a very difference way of doing science from previous centuries of research.

 

With the development of rockets and the advances in electronics and other technologies in the 20th century, it became possible to send machines and animals and then people above Earth’s atmosphere into outer space. Well before technology made these achievements possible, however, space exploration had already captured the minds of many people, not only aircraft pilots and scientists but also writers and artists. In the 2000s, several plans for space exploration were announced; both government entities and the private sector have space exploration objectives. China has announced plans to have a 60-ton multi-module space station in orbit by 2020.

Nuclear physics and Particle Physics is the area of physics that studies atomic nuclei and their elements and interactions. The most commonly known kind of nuclear physics is nuclear power generation, the research has run to tenders in many fields, including nuclear medication and magnetic reverberation imaging, nuclear weapons, ion implantation in materials engineering, and radiocarbon dating in geology and archaeology.

The experimental particle physics is to study the fundamental constituents of matter and their interaction. These activities are carried out in teamwork with international laboratories, where fundamental physics results are obtained. To study further, it is developing future detector technologies for experimentation, and computer grids for analysis of data.

Gravitational physicists explore the implications of the general theory of relativity, in which gravitation is a consequence of the curvature of space and time. This curvature thus controls the motion of inertial objects. Modern research in gravitational physics includes studying applications of numerical relativity, black hole dynamics, sources of gravitational radiation, critical phenomena in gravitational collapse, the initial value problem of general relativity, and relativistic astrophysics. The works of Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein dominate the development of gravitational theory. Newton’s classical theory of gravitational force held sway from his Principia, published in 1687, until Einstein’s work in the early 20th century. Newton’s theory is sufficient even today for all but the most precise applications. Einstein’s theory of general relativity predicts only minute quantitative differences from the Newtonian theory except in a few special cases. The major significance of Einstein’s theory is its radical conceptual departure from classical theory and its implications for further growth in physical thought.

It is the field where particle physics, astronomy, astrophysics and cosmology meet: Particle physics deals with the study of the close structure of matter and the fundamental laws that govern their connections, e.g. the physics of the smallest scale of the Cosmos. Astronomy and astrophysics, study the structure of the Universe and its evolution from the early Big Bang. It is cosmology that links the theory of particle physics with that of the very early Universe. It aims at important issues extending from origin of the universe and the nature of gravity to the understanding of dark matter and dark energy.